ByteByteGo

Co-authored 4 books:
     - System Design Interview - Volume 1
     - System Design Interview - Volume 2
     - Coding Interview Patterns
     - Machine Learning System Design Interview

- Write weekly ByteByteGo newsletter on system design topics to 1,000,000+ subscribers.
- Grow the ByteByteGo YouTube channel to 1,000,000+ subscribers.

Author & Co-Founder

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Alex Xu is a software engineer and author. His book System Design Interview - An Insider’s Guide is one of Amazon's best-selling books in the “Distributed Systems & Computing” category.  As of December 2020, his book is being translated into 7 different languages (Traditional Chinese, Russian, Japanese, Spanish, Polish, Simplified Chinese, and Korean).

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Alex Xu

Database Types You Should Know in 2025

There’s no such thing as a one-size-fits-all database anymore. Modern applications rely on multiple database types, from real-time analytics to vector search for AI. Knowing which type to use can make or break your system’s performance.

Relational: Traditional row-and-column databases, great for structured data and transactions.

Columnar: Optimized for analytics, storing data by columns for fast aggregations.

Key-Value: Stores data as simple key–value pairs, enabling fast lookups. 

In-memory: Stores data in RAM for ultra-low latency lookups, ideal for caching or session management.

Wide-Column: Handles massive amounts of semi-structured data across distributed nodes.

Time-series: Specialized for metrics, logs, and sensor data with time as a primary dimension.

Immutable Ledger: Ensures tamper-proof, cryptographically verifiable transaction logs.

Graph: Models complex relationships, perfect for social networks and fraud detection

Document: Flexible JSON-like storage, great for modern apps with evolving schemas.

Geospatial: Manages location-aware data such as maps, routes, and spatial queries.

Text-search: Full-text indexing and search with ranking, filters, and analytics.

Blob: Stores unstructured objects like images, videos, and files.

Vector: Powers AI/ML apps by enabling similarity search across embeddings.

Over to you: Which database type do you think will grow fastest in the next 5 years?

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Author of 4 Bestselling Books | Co-Founder of ByteByteGo

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Cloudflare is much more than just a CDN and DDoS protection service.

Let’s do a quick comparison of Cloudflare, AWS, and Azure.

Cloudflare has rapidly expanded beyond its traditional CDN roots, launching a suite of modern developer-first services like Workers, R2, D1, and so on. These offerings position it as a serious edge-native alternative to other cloud providers.

Here are the key cloud capabilities that Cloudflare supports:

1 - Edge Compute and Serverless
2 - Object and Blob Storage
3 - Relational Databases
4 - Containers
5 - Sandboxes
6 - Workflows
7 - AI Agents SDK
8 - Vector and AI search
9 - Data Connectivity
10 - AI Infrastructure
11 - Content Delivery Network
12 - DNS
13 - Load Balancing

Over to you: Have you used Cloudflare’s new offerings? What are your thoughts on them?

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HTTP vs. HTTPS

When you open a website, the difference between HTTP and HTTPS decides whether your data travels safely or in plain sight. Here’s what actually happens under the hood:

HTTP:
- Sends data in plain text, anyone on the network can intercept it.
- The client and server perform a simple TCP handshake: SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK
- Fast but completely insecure. Passwords, tokens, and forms can all be read in transit.

HTTPS (SSL/TLS):
- Step 1: TCP Handshake: Standard connection setup.
- Step 2: Certificate Check: Client says hello. Server responds with hello and its SSL/TLS certificate. That certificate contains the server's public key and is signed by a trusted Certificate Authority. 

Your browser verifies this certificate is legitimate, not expired, and actually belongs to the domain you're trying to reach. This proves you're talking to the real server, not some attacker pretending to be it.

- Step 3: Key Exchange: Here's where asymmetric encryption happens. The server has a public key and a private key. Client generates a session key, encrypts it with the server's public key, and sends it over. Only the server can decrypt this with its private key.

Both sides now have the same session key that nobody else could have intercepted. This becomes the symmetric encryption key for the rest of the session.

- Step 4: Data Transmission: Now every request and response gets encrypted with that session key using symmetric encryption.

Over to you: What’s your go-to tool for debugging TLS issues, openssl, curl -v, or something else?

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Karnav P.

Apache Kafka vs. RabbitMQ

Kafka and RabbitMQ both handle messages, but they solve fundamentally different problems. Understanding the difference matters when designing distributed systems.

Kafka is a distributed log. Producers append messages to partitions. Those messages stick around based on retention policy, not because someone consumed them. Consumers pull messages at their own pace using offsets. You can rewind, replay, reprocess everything. It is designed for high throughput event streaming where multiple consumers need the same data independently.

RabbitMQ is a message broker. Producers publish messages to exchanges. Those exchanges route to queues based on binding keys and patterns (direct, topic, fanout). Messages get pushed to consumers and then deleted once acknowledged. It is built for task distribution and traditional messaging workflows.

The common mistake is using Kafka like a queue or RabbitMQ like an event log. They're different tools built for different use cases.

Over to you:  If you had to explain when NOT to use Kafka, what would you say?

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Explaining 9 types of API testing. 
 
🔹 Smoke Testing 
This is done after API development is complete. Simply validate if the APIs are working and nothing breaks. 
 
🔹 Functional Testing 
This creates a test plan based on the functional requirements and compares the results with the expected results. 
 
🔹 Integration Testing 
This test combines several API calls to perform end-to-end tests. The intra-service communications and data transmissions are tested. 
 
🔹 Regression Testing 
This test ensures that bug fixes or new features shouldn’t break the existing behaviors of APIs. 
 
🔹 Load Testing 
This tests applications’ performance by simulating different loads. Then we can calculate the capacity of the application. 
 
🔹 Stress Testing 
We deliberately create high loads to the APIs and test if the APIs are able to function normally. 
 
🔹 Security Testing 
This tests the APIs against all possible external threats. 
 
🔹 UI Testing 
This tests the UI interactions with the APIs to make sure the data can be displayed properly. 
 
🔹 Fuzz Testing 
This injects invalid or unexpected input data into the API and tries to crash the API. In this way, it identifies the API vulnerabilities. 

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The AI Agent Tech Stack

1. Foundation Models: Large-scale pre-trained language models that serve as the “brains” of AI agents, enabling capabilities like reasoning, text generation, coding, and question answering.
2. Data Storage: This layer handles vector databases and memory storage systems used by AI agents to store and retrieve context, embeddings, or documents.
3. Agent Development Frameworks: These frameworks help developers build, orchestrate, and manage multi-step AI agents and their workflows.
4. Observability: This category enables monitoring, debugging, and logging of AI agent behavior and performance in real-time.
5. Tool Execution: These platforms allow AI agents to interface with real-world tools (for example, APIs, browsers, external systems) to complete complex tasks.
6. Memory Management: These systems manage long-term and short-term memory for agents, helping them retain useful context and learn from past interactions.

Over to you: What else will you add to the list?

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Big Data Pipeline Cheatsheet for AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud

Each platform offers a comprehensive suite of services that cover the entire lifecycle:

1 - Ingestion: Collecting data from various sources
2 - Data Lake: Storing raw data
3 - Computation: Processing and analyzing data
4 - Data Warehouse: Storing structured data
5 - Presentation: Visualizing and reporting insights

AWS uses services like Kinesis for data streaming, S3 for storage, EMR for processing, RedShift for warehousing, and QuickSight for visualization.

Azure’s pipeline includes Event Hubs for ingestion, Data Lake Store for storage, Databricks for processing, Cosmos DB for warehousing, and Power BI for presentation.

GCP offers PubSub for data streaming, Cloud Storage for data lakes, DataProc and DataFlow for processing, BigQuery for warehousing, and Data Studio for visualization.

Over to you: What else would you add to the pipeline?

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Things Every Developer Should Know: Concurrency is 𝐍𝐎𝐓 parallelism.
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In system design, it is important to understand the difference between concurrency and parallelism. 

As Rob Pyke(one of the creators of GoLang) stated:“ Concurrency is about 𝐝𝐞𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 lots of things at once. Parallelism is about 𝐝𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐠 lots of things at once." This distinction emphasizes that concurrency is more about the 𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧 of a program, while parallelism is about the 𝐞𝐱𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧. 

Concurrency is about dealing with multiple things at once. It involves structuring a program to handle multiple tasks simultaneously, where the tasks can start, run, and complete in overlapping time periods, but not necessarily at the same instant. 

Concurrency is about the composition of independently executing processes and describes a program's ability to manage multiple tasks by making progress on them without necessarily completing one before it starts another.

Parallelism, on the other hand, refers to the simultaneous execution of multiple computations. It is the technique of running two or more tasks or computations at the same time, utilizing multiple processors or cores within a computer to perform several operations concurrently. Parallelism requires hardware with multiple processing units, and its primary goal is to increase the throughput and computational speed of a system.

In practical terms, concurrency enables a program to remain responsive to input, perform background tasks, and handle multiple operations in a seemingly simultaneous manner, even on a single-core processor. It's particularly useful in I/O-bound and high-latency operations where programs need to wait for external events, such as file, network, or user interactions.

Parallelism, with its ability to perform multiple operations at the same time, is crucial in CPU-bound tasks where computational speed and throughput are the bottlenecks. Applications that require heavy mathematical computations, data analysis, image processing, and real-time processing can significantly benefit from parallel execution.

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5 REST API Authentication Methods

1. Basic Authentication: Clients include a Base64-encoded username and password in every request header, which is simple but insecure since credentials are transmitted in plaintext. Useful in quick prototypes or internal services over secure networks.
2. Session Authentication: After login, the server creates a session record and issues a cookie. Subsequent requests send that cookie so the server can validate user state. Used in traditional web-apps.
3. Token Authentication: Clients authenticate once to receive a signed token, then present the token on each request for stateless authentication. Used in single-page applications and modern APIs that require scalable, stateless authentication.
4. OAuth-Based Authentication: Clients obtain an access token via an authorization grant from an OAuth provider, then use that token to call resource servers on the user’s behalf. Used in cases of third-party integrations or apps that need delegated access to user data.
5. API Key Authentication: Clients present a predefined key (often in headers or query strings) with each request. The server verifies the key to authorize access. Used in service-to-service or machine-to-machine APIs where simple credential checks are sufficient.

Over to you: Which other API Authentication method have you seen?

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Git Merge vs. Rebase vs. Squash Commit! 
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What are the differences? 
 
When we 𝐦𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐞 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐬 from one Git branch to another, we can use ‘git merge’ or ‘git rebase’. The diagram below shows how the two commands work. 
 
𝐆𝐢𝐭 𝐌𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐞 
This creates a new commit G’ in the main branch. G’ ties the histories of both main and feature branches. 
 
Git merge is 𝐧𝐨𝐧-𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞. Neither the main nor the feature branch is changed. 
 
𝐆𝐢𝐭 𝐑𝐞𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞 
Git rebase moves the feature branch histories to the head of the main branch. It creates new commits E’, F’, and G’ for each commit in the feature branch. 
 
The benefit of rebase is that it has 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐡𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲. 
 
Rebase can be dangerous if “the golden rule of git rebase” is not followed. 
 
𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐆𝐨𝐥𝐝𝐞𝐧 𝐑𝐮𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐆𝐢𝐭 𝐑𝐞𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞 
Never use it on public branches!

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Top 20 System Design Concepts You Should Know

1. Load Balancing: Distributes traffic across multiple servers for reliability and availability.
2. Caching: Stores frequently accessed data in memory for faster access.
3. Database Sharding: Splits databases to handle large-scale data growth.
4. Replication: Copies data across replicas for availability and fault tolerance.
5. CAP Theorem: Trade-off between consistency, availability, and partition tolerance.
6. Consistent Hashing: Distributes load evenly in dynamic server environments.
7. Message Queues: Decouples services using asynchronous event-driven architecture.
8. Rate Limiting: Controls request frequency to prevent system overload.
9. API Gateway: Centralized entry point for routing API requests.
10. Microservices: Breaks systems into independent, loosely coupled services.
11. Service Discovery: Locates services dynamically in distributed systems.
12. CDN: Delivers content from edge servers for speed.
13. Database Indexing: Speeds up queries by indexing important fields.
14. Data Partitioning: Divides data across nodes for scalability and performance.
15. Eventual Consistency: Guarantees consistency over time in distributed databases
16. WebSockets: Enables bi-directional communication for live updates.
17. Scalability: Increases capacity by upgrading or adding machines.
18. Fault Tolerance: Ensures system availability during hardware/software failures.
19. Monitoring: Tracks metrics and logs to understand system health.
20. Authentication & Authorization: Controls user access and verifies identity securely.

Over to you: Which other System Design concept will you add to the list?

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Virtualization vs. Containerization

Before containers simplified deployment, virtualization changed how we used hardware. Both isolate workloads, but they do it differently.

- Virtualization (Hardware-level isolation): Each virtual machine runs a complete operating system, Windows, Fedora, or Ubuntu, with its own kernel, drivers, and libraries. The hypervisor (VMware ESXi, Hyper-V, KVM) sits directly on hardware and emulates physical machines for each guest OS. 

This makes VMs heavy but isolated. Need Windows and Linux on the same box? VMs handle it easily. Startup time for a typical VM is in minutes because you're booting an entire operating system from scratch.

- Containerization (OS-level isolation): Containers share the host operating system's kernel. No separate OS per container. Just isolated processes with their own filesystem and dependencies.

The container engine (Docker, containerd, CRI-O, Podman) manages lifecycle, networking, and isolation, but it all runs on top of a single shared kernel. Lightweight and fast. Containers start in milliseconds because you're not booting an OS, just launching a process.

But here's the catch: all containers on a host must be compatible with that host's kernel. Can't run Windows containers on a Linux host (without nested virtualization tricks).

Over to you: What's your go-to setup: containers in VMs, bare metal containers, or something else?

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What is a REST API?

REST (Representational State Transfer) is an architectural style for building APIs that use HTTP for communication. To be considered RESTful, an API should follow six key constraints:

- Client-Server: Separates the user interface from data storage and processing. This allows each side to evolve independently.

- Stateless: Each request contains all the information needed to process it; the server does not store session state between requests.

- Uniform Interface: Consistent resource naming and formats across the API, e.g., “/products”, “/users”.

- Cacheable: Responses explicitly indicate if they can be cached (e.g., Cache-Control) to improve performance.

- Layered System: Requests may pass through multiple layers (load balancers, auth services, etc.) before reaching the API server, but to the client it appears as a single endpoint. 

- Code on Demand (Optional): The server can send executable code (like JavaScript) to the client to extend its functionality.


Over to you: Which REST constraint do you think is most often overlooked in real-world APIs?

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The HTTP Mindmap

HTTP has evolved from HTTP/1.1 to HTTP/2, and now HTTP/3, which uses the QUIC protocol over UDP for improved performance. Today, it’s the backbone of almost everything on the internet, from browsers and APIs to streaming, cloud, and AI systems.

At the foundation, we have underlying protocols. TCP/IP for IPv4 and IPv6 traffic. Unix domain sockets for local communication. HTTP/3 running over UDP instead of TCP. These handle the actual data transport before HTTP even comes into play.

Security wraps around everything. HTTPS isn't optional anymore. WebSockets power real-time connections. Web servers manage workloads. CDNs distribute content globally. DNS resolves everything to IPs. Proxies (forward, reverse, and API gateways) route, filter, and secure traffic in between.

Web services exchange data in different formats, REST with JSON, SOAP for enterprise systems, RPC for direct calls, and GraphQL for flexible queries. Crawlers and bots index the web, guided by robots.txt files that set the boundaries.

The network world connects everything. LANs, WANs, and protocols like FTP for file transfers, IMAP/POP3 for email, and BitTorrent for peer-to-peer communication. For observability, packet capture tools like Wireshark, tcpdump, and OpenTelemetry let developers peek under the hood to understand performance, latency, and behavior across the stack.

Over to you: HTTP has been evolving for 30+ years, what do you think the next big shift will be?

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How DNS Works

You type a domain name and hit enter, but what actually happens before that webpage loads is more complex than most people realize. DNS is the phonebook of the internet, and every request you make triggers a chain of lookups across multiple servers. 

Step 1: Someone types bytebytego. com into their browser and presses enter. 

Step 2: Before doing anything, the browser looks for a cached IP address. Operating system cache gets checked too. 

Step 3: Cache miss triggers a DNS query. The browser sends a query to the configured DNS resolver, usually provided by your ISP or a service like Google DNS or Cloudflare.

Step 4: Resolver checks its own cache. 

Step 5-6: If the resolver doesn't have the answer cached, it asks the root servers, “Where can I find .com?” For bytebytego. com, the root server responds with the address of the .com TLD name server. 

Step 7-8: Resolver queries the .com TLD server. TLD server returns the authoritative server address. 

Step 9-10: This server has the actual A/AAAA record mapping the domain to an IP address. The resolver finally gets the answer: 172. 67. 21. 11 for bytebytego. com.

Step 11-12: The IP gets cached at the resolver level for future lookups, and returned to the browser.

Step 13-14: The browser stores this for its own future use, and uses the IP to make the actual HTTP request. 

Step 15: The web server returns the requested content.

All this happens in milliseconds, before your first page even starts loading.

Over to you: Which DNS tools or commands do you rely on most, dig, nslookup, or something else?

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Linux file permission illustrated. 

𝐎𝐰𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐡𝐢𝐩
Every file or directory is assigned 3 types of owner:

🔹Owner: the owner is the user who created the file or directory.
🔹Group: a group can have multiple users. All users in the group have the same permissions to access the file or directory.
🔹Other: other means those users who are not owners or members of the group.

𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧
There are only three types of permissions for a file or directory.

🔹Read (r): the read permission allows the user to read a file.
🔹Write (w): the write permission allows the user to change the content of the file.
🔹Execute (x): the execute permission allows a file to be executed. 

Over to you: chmod 777, good idea?

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Types of Virtualization

Virtualization didn’t just make servers efficient, it changed how we build, scale, and deploy everything. Here’s a quick breakdown of the four major types of virtualization you’ll find in modern systems:

1. Traditional (Bare Metal): Applications run directly on the operating system. No virtualization layer, no isolation between processes. All applications share the same OS kernel, libraries, and resources.

2. Virtualized (VM-based): Each VM runs its own complete operating system. The hypervisor sits on physical hardware and emulates entire machines for each guest OS. Each VM thinks it has dedicated hardware even though it's sharing the same physical server.

3. Containerized: Containers share the host operating system's kernel but get isolated runtime environments. Each container has its own filesystem, but they're all using the same underlying OS. The container engine (Docker, containerd, Podman) manages lifecycle, networking, and isolation without needing separate operating systems for each application.

Lightweight and fast. Containers start in milliseconds because you're not booting an OS. Resource usage is dramatically lower than VMs.

4. Containers on VMs: This is what actually runs in production cloud environments. Containers inside VMs, getting benefits from both. Each VM runs its own guest OS with a container engine inside. The hypervisor provides hardware-level isolation between VMs. The container engine provides lightweight application isolation within VMs.

This is the architecture behind Kubernetes clusters on AWS, Azure, and GCP. Your pods are containers, but they're running inside VMs you never directly see or manage.

Over to you: In your experience, which setup strikes the best balance between performance and flexibility?

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Vijaya Kalyani K.

Can a web server provide real-time updates? 
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An HTTP server cannot automatically initiate a connection to a browser. As a result, the web browser is the initiator. What should we do next to get real-time updates from the HTTP server? 
 
Both the web browser and the HTTP server could be responsible for this task. 
 
🔹Web browsers do the heavy lifting: short polling or long polling. With short polling, the browser will retry until it gets the latest data. With long polling, the HTTP server doesn’t return results until new data has arrived. 
🔹HTTP server and web browser cooperate: WebSocket or SSE (server-sent event). In both cases, the HTTP server could directly send the latest data to the browser after the connection is established. The difference is that SSE is uni-directional, so the browser cannot send a new request to the server, while WebSocket is fully-duplex, so the browser can keep sending new requests. 
 
Over to you: of the four solutions (long polling, short polling, SSE, WebSocket), which ones are commonly used, and for what use cases? 

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How do AirTags work?

AirTags work by leveraging a combination of Bluetooth technology and the vast network of Apple devices to help you locate your lost items. 
Here's a breakdown of how they function: 

1. Bluetooth Signal: Each AirTag emits a secure Bluetooth signal that can be detected by nearby Apple devices (iPhones, iPads, etc.) within the Find My network. 

2. Find My Network: When an AirTag comes within range of an Apple device in the Find My network, that device anonymously and securely relays the AirTag's location information to iCloud. 

3. Location Tracking: You can then use the Find My app on your own Apple device to see the approximate location of your AirTag on a map. 

Limitations: 
Please note that AirTags rely on Bluetooth technology and the presence of Apple devices within the Find My network. If your AirTag is in an area with few Apple devices, its location may not be updated as frequently or accurately. 

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Capgemini

Key Responsibilities

Strategic Leadership
- Drive Generative AI and LLM initiatives aligned with enterprise goals.
- Define roadmaps and manage cross-functional teams.

Solution Architecture
- Design scalable, secure AI solutions using Azure OpenAI, AWS Bedrock, and SageMaker.
- Integrate LLMs into workflows for automation and insights.

Cloud Expertise
- Deploy and optimize AI/ML solutions on Azure and AWS platforms.
- Ensure cost efficiency, scalability, and high performance.

Security & Governance
- Implement AI governance, privacy, and security frameworks.
- Mitigate risks in LLM deployments and ensure compliance.

Innovation & Delivery
- Prototype AI solutions for enterprise use cases like chatbots and document processing.
- Oversee end-to-end delivery, ensuring quality and stakeholder satisfaction.

Stakeholder Engagement
- Act as a key client advisor and maintain relationships with cloud providers.
- Conduct workshops and report performance metrics.

Team Development
- Mentor teams and foster a culture of innovation.

Generative AI Architect (Enterprise Architect)

NeoSOFT

Key Achievements:
 - Led successful design and implementation of key projects, delivering measurable outcomes.
 - Optimized development processes, reducing project delivery time.
 - Ensured compliance with industry standards, resulting in positive outcomes.
 - Set up the best coding practices as the latest OWASP version. 

Experience Highlights:

Solution Design and Architecture:
 - Designed scalable solutions aligning with business goals in BFSI, NBFC, Banking, eCommerce, and Hi-

Tech technology industries. 
 - Collaborated with stakeholders to create high-level and detailed solution designs.

Technology Stack Management:
 - Evaluated and recommended technologies tailored to each industry.
 - Defined coding standards and architectural principles, staying updated on industry trends.

Project Planning and Execution:
 - Oversaw end-to-end project delivery, coordinating activities across diverse teams.
 - Monitored project progress, implemented corrective actions, and managed resources effectively.

Stakeholder Management:
 - Acted as a primary point of contact, ensuring effective communication with business and IT teams.

Budget Oversight:
 - Managed project budgets, identified cost-saving opportunities, and adhered to financial constraints.

Quality Assurance and Compliance:
 - Implemented QA processes and standards, addressing sector-specific regulatory concerns.

Collaboration with Development Teams:
 - Worked closely with teams, ensuring adherence to architectural guidelines and facilitating communication.

Risk and Issue Management:
 - Identified and mitigated project risks, escalating critical issues for timely resolution.

Process Optimization and Continuous Improvement:
 - Identified and implemented process improvements, fostering innovation and efficiency.

Mentorship and Training:
 - Provided mentorship to junior architects and conducted training sessions for skill enhancement.

Enterprise Solutions Architect (AWS Cloud) & Senior Delivery Manager 

Engaged in extensive discussions with CTO, VP, Product Owner, and other stakeholders to understand and align technology solutions with business goals. Focused on comprehending client expectations, as well as exploring user/customer satisfaction and expectations.

Roles and Responsibilities:

Solution Design:
    - Designing scalable, reliable, and secure cloud-based solutions aligned with organizational goals. Analyzing existing architecture, identifying improvement areas, and formulating migration or development plans.

Infrastructure as Code (IaC):
    - Implementing Infrastructure as Code principles for automated provisioning and management of cloud resources. Proficient in tools such as Terraform, AWS CloudFormation, and Azure Resource Manager.

Security:
    - Designing cloud solutions with a strong focus on security. Implementing best practices for identity and access management, data encryption, network security, and regulatory compliance.

Stakeholder Collaboration:
    - Collaborating closely with business leaders, developers, and operations teams to understand requirements and ensure cloud solutions align with overall business strategy.

Cost Optimization:
    - Optimizing cloud resources for cost-effectiveness. Expertise in selecting suitable pricing models, monitoring resource usage, and providing recommendations for cost savings.

Performance Optimization:
    - Ensuring cloud solutions are optimized for performance, scalability, and reliability. Monitoring system performance and making adjustments as necessary.

Training and Guidance:
    - Providing guidance and training to other teams on best practices for cloud development and architecture.

#EnterpriseArchitect #CloudSolutions #InfrastructureAsCode #SecurityInTech #StakeholderCollaboration #CostOptimization #PerformanceOptimization #CloudTraining #TechLeadership #vendormanagement

Enterprise Solutions Architect & Delivery Manager

AWS Solution Architect & SCRUM Master | Agile Evangelist 

Key Accomplishments:

Empowered Teams:
        Streamlined control and release processes, improving internal/external communication and information release.
        Administered software defect prioritization and resolution for enhanced product quality

Collaborative Leadership:
        Engaged with fellow Scrum Masters, enhancing the application of Scrum across the organization.
        Facilitated various Scrum-related meetings, emphasizing a non-coercive approach to getting work done.

Versatile Project Management:
        Acted as a Project Manager when needed, ensuring a problem-solving approach over providing solutions.
        Managed end-to-end project activities, from planning to demos, fostering a culture of continuous improvement.

Servant Leadership:
        Provided support to the team with a servant leadership style, leading by example in challenging situations.
        Removed impediments by identifying and leveraging the right personnel.

 Key Skills:

    Product Development Strategy 
    Agile Software Development Practices 
    Team Building and Motivation 
    Designing Product Roadmap 
    Effective Listener & Negotiator
    Supervise Panic Situation 
    Competitive Analysis of Product 
    Leadership and Effective Delegation 
    End-to-End Delivery Management 
    Scalable REST API Socket and Web Sockets 
    Vendor Management & Delivery 
    Handle Real-Life Problems Using Diplomacy 
    Cost Benefits Analysis 
    Product Management Team Creation 
    Research & Development 
    RDBMS Database Administrator 

#AWS #SolutionArchitect #SCRUMMaster #AgileLeadership #ProjectManagement #TeamCollaboration #ProductDevelopment #LeadershipSkills #ContinuousLearning #VendorManagement #RDBMSAdministrator

Certified SCRUM Master(PM) & Solution Architect 

Trimax IT Infrastructure & Services Ltd

As an accomplished Technical Lead & and SCRUM Master, I play a pivotal role in shaping architectural strategies and providing consultancy, driving the development, and overseeing the implementation of intricate, multi-tiered, and distributed software applications. In essence, I serve as the driving force, ensuring the team delivers top-notch quality work as a software engineer.

In my capacity as a SCRUM Master, I am adept at organizing and facilitating a spectrum of project activities. From meticulously planning and executing daily stand-ups, reviews, retrospectives, sprints, and release planning to orchestrate seamless demos, I am committed to creating an environment that not only ensures effective sprint planning and retrospectives but also empowers the team to achieve their best without undue pressure and by judiciously allocating tasks.

Projects Undertaken:
    Project Road Pulse (GPS-based Fleet tracking system)
    www.Rokad.in (Online Payment Wallets)
    eSBM (A Govt. of India - Swatch Bharat Mission Project)

Key Skills:
    Socket Programming
    IoT Devices and Protocols
    PHP (CodeIgniter), PHP-Slim
    MySQL Database
    J2EE
    LINUX
    AngularJS
    Team Building
    Problem-Solving Approach

#AWS #SolutionArchitect #SCRUMMaster #SoftwareDevelopment #ProjectManagement #IoT #PHP #MySQL #J2EE #AngularJS #TechInnovation #LeadershipSkills #TeamEmpowerment #ProblemSolvingMindset

Technical Lead & Certified SCRUM Master

NeoSOFT Technologies (A CMMi Level 5 Organization)

Worked as SCRUM master - Organized and facilitated project planning, daily stand-up meetings, reviews, retrospectives, sprint, release planning, demos, and other Scrum-related meetings. Facilitated sprint planning, retrospective and sprint demos, and also got the work done without pressure, allocating, the work.

Also worked as AWS Solutions Architect designs, creates, deploys, and supports enterprise applications and crucial infrastructure inside the AWS Cloud. I have solid experience using AWS core services: EC2, S3, VPC, ELB and more AWS services.

Key Skills :
1. AWS Solution Architect & DevOps
2. MongoDB Developer
3. Neo4j and CouchBase
4. MQTT, RebbitMQ
4. Firewall Interface development on ProxMox RTOS.
5. PowerDNS & Internet Exchange Platform (Customisation) 
6. DevOps & Infrastructure Consultant. 
7. Python, NodeJS, Angular, PHP

Sr. Software Engineer & SCRUM Master

Web18 & Mobile18

• m.in.com back End Content CMS.
o Technology: PHP, MySQL, Nginx & Neo4J.
o Description: All business-related development and updating related m.in.com & CMS.
o Special: User Tracking & profiling with Neo4J & Mongo DB, CMS revamp from Core PHP to Code Igniter.
o Team Management, Task Distribution & Monthly & Quarterly Revenue Reporting.

• E-Mail Log Process Automation.
o Technology: PHP, MySQL, Curl, shell script.
o Description: Track the mail records from the mail server (Postfix) Live Logs for Various analytics.
o Special: Reading and calculation on the Live stream of Logs from POSTFIX server with Shell & PHP only, in very

• ETL Writing for www.burrp.com
o Technology: PHP (Cake), MySQL, Curl, shell script / Perl.
o Description: Fetching & dumping records from MySQL & Mongo DB.
o Special: Convert the JAVA ETLs to Shell Script and make the process 20 times faster than older.

• NGINX as Load Balance FOR API SERVER.
o Technology: NGINX, Mongo DB, PHP (Code Igniter), Python (Bottle F/W)
o Description: Revamp the existing API system from LAMP to High responsive and fault tolerance system, for Heavy load.
o Special: Make the system 80 times faster and fault tolerance than older with Nginx & python.

Senior Web Platform & Web Services Developer

TATA TELESERVICES LTD.

Web based Automation 24 X 7 Monitoring System (Monitoring 84 Service).
	o Technology: PHP, MySQL, curl, shell script / Perl.
	o Description: Get data from LINUX files system and dump into MySQL DB hourly and represent with PHP Web based
	o Special: Send mail hourly & Special when alarm with SMTP (SSL/TLS) connection.

Daily MIS reporting System.
	o Technology: PHP, MySQL, curl, shell script / Perl.
	o Description: Generate Daily Automated reports from Linux File system.
	o Special: Send File via FTP to various locations.

Automated Debug reporting
	o Technology: PHP, MySQL, curl, shell script / Perl.
	o Description: Reading data from application logs every 10 min.
	o Special: If found any serious error then alert by SMTP MAIL & SMS.

Daily revenue reporting
	o Technology: PHP, MySQL, Code Igniter, Jquery
	o Description: MIS for Daily, Monthly Revenue for business Team. Help in various finance analytical process for business
	o Special: All SQL query operation in Web Based GUI Interface. Specially made for business team (Non-Technical area).

Team Lead VAS Services

Perfect Infodesk Pvt Ltd

It's a service-based company, that meets and understands the client's requirements and aligns the resources. Resource coordination and client communication. Understand the technology and update the team with the same. Consulting the client and as per the development.

Key Skills :

- PHP (Cake PHP, CodeIgniter)
- MySQL & Oracle Database
- Apache & NGINX Webserver
- Joomla & Wordpress CMS
- DevOps 
- LINUX

Senior Software Engineer

🔍 About Me:
Enterprise Solutions Architect | Sr. Engagement Manager | Generative AI & LLM Leader | Enterprise Solutions Strategist | Center of Excellence Innovator | Digital Transformation, Cloud Strategy & AI Transformation.

With 17+ years of global experience across BFSI, NBFC, eCommerce, and Hi-Tech sectors, I specialize in enterprise-grade AI, cloud, and digital transformation initiatives. I currently lead Generative AI and LLM programs at Capgemini, delivering scalable, secure, and cost-effective solutions using platforms like Azure OpenAI, AWS Bedrock, and Google Cloud.

My core strengths lie in enterprise architecture, stakeholder engagement, and AI governance, working closely with C-level executives to align technology with business outcomes. I bring a proven track record of managing cross-functional teams, driving innovation, and delivering high-impact results across APAC and global markets.

🔧 Technical & Strategic Expertise:

Generative AI, LLMs, GPT, Azure Cognitive Services
Cloud Strategy: AWS | Azure | GCP
Full-Stack Delivery: Python, PHP, MEAN, MERN
Data & ML: Regression, Clustering, Data Science
RDBMS & NoSQL: Oracle, MSSQL, MongoDB, MySQL
Agile, DevOps, SCRUM, TOGAF

🌍 Industry Experience: Banking | FinTech | eCommerce | Telecom | Cybersecurity | Media | Transport

🎯 Leadership & Delivery:
Senior Engagement Manager | Capgemini
Enterprise Solution Architect | Cloud & AI
Project & Delivery Manager | Global Clients
SCRUM Master | Agile Transformation

🚀 Personal Strengths:

✨ Positive Attitude
✨ Passionate Learner
✨ Active Listener
✨ Story Teller

🎓 Certifications:

🏆 Certified TOGAF v9.2 (Professional)
🏆 Certified Salesforce AI Associate
🏆 Certified AWS Solution Architect Associate
🏆 Certified Azure Solution Architect Associate
🏆 Certified SCRUM Master

Open to Opportunities in Singapore & Malaysia | Available for Relocation | Work Visa Sponsorship Welcome

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